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The Rules Of Judo

International Judo Federation Contest Rules

Article 1 - Competition Area

The competition area shall be a minimum of 14 meters X 14 meters and a maximum of 16m X 16m and shall be covered by tatami or similarly acceptable material, generally green in color. The competition area shall be divided into two zones. The demarcation between these two zones shall be called the danger zone and shall be indicated by a red area, approximately 1m wide, forming part of the contest area, parallel to the four sides of the competition area. The area within and including the danger zone, shall be called the contest area and shall always be a minimum of 8m X 8m or a maximum of 10m X 10m. The area outside the danger zone shall be called the safety area and shall be 3m wide. An adhesive red tape and a white tape, approximately 10 centimeters wide and 50 centimeters long shall be fixed on the center of the contest area at a distance of 4m apart, to indicate the positions at which the contestants must start and end the contest. The red tape shall be to the referee's right and the white to his left. The competition area must be fixed to a resilient floor platform (see Appendix). Where two or more adjoining competition areas are used, a common safety area of a minimum of 4m is permitted. A free zone, a minimum of 50cm must be maintained around the competition area. APPENDIX Article 1 -- Competition Area For Olympic Games, World Championships, Continental and IJF events, the competition area must be maximum size. Tatami Generally, tatami measures one metre by two meters, is made of pressed straw or, more frequently, from pressed foam. They must be firm under foot and have the property of absorbing shock during "ukemi" and must not be slippery nor too rough. These elements making the surface for the competition must be aligned without space in between, be smooth on surface and fixed in such a way that they will not be displaced. Platform The platform is optional and must be made of solid wood, while still having a certain resilience measuring approximately 18 meters on the side without ever going beyond 50cm in height.

Article 10 - Duration of Contest

For the World Championship and Olympic Games, the time duration of contest is: Men (Seniors): 5 minutes real contest time Men (Under 21): 5 minutes real contest time Women: 4 minutes real contest time Any contestant is entitled to rest between contests for a period of 10 minutes. APPENDIX Article 10 -- Duration of Contest The time duration of the contests and the contest form shall be determined according to the rules of the tournament. The referee should be aware of the "duration" of the contest before he comes onto the competition area.

Article 11 -- Time Out

The time signaled between the announcement of "Matte" and "Hajime" and between "Sono-mama" and "Yoshi" by the referee shall not count as part of the duration of the contest. APPENDIX Article 11 -- Time-out No commentary

Article 12 - Time Signal

The end of the time allotted for the contest shall be indicated to the referee by the ringing of a bell or other similar audible method. APPENDIX Article 12 -- Time signal When using several competition areas at the same time, the use of VARYING audible devices is required. The time signal must be sufficiently audible to be heard over the noise of the spectators.

Article 13 -- Osae-komi Time

Ippon-- total of 30 seconds Waza-ari-- 25 seconds or more but less than 30 seconds Yuko-- 20 seconds or more but less than 25 seconds Koka-- 10 seconds or more but less than 20 seconds An Osae-komi of less than 10 seconds will be counted the same as an attack. APPENDIX Article 13 -- Osae-komi time When "Osae-komi" is announced simultaneously with the bell signal, the time allotted for the contest shall be extended until either Ippon (or equivalent) is announced or the referee announces "Toketa" or "Matte".

Article 14 - Technique Coinciding with Time Signal

Any immediate result of a technique started simultaneously with the time signal shall be valid. In the case of "Osae-komi" announced simultaneously with the time signal, the time allotted for the contest shall be extended until either Ippon is scored or the referee announces "Toketa" (hold broken). APPENDIX Article 14 -- Technique coinciding with the time signal Any technique applied after the ringing of the bell or other device to indicate the expiry of the time, the contest shall not be valid, even if the referee has not at that time called "Soremade". Although a throwing technique may be applied simultaneously with the bell, if the referee decides that it will not be effective immediately, he should announce "Soremade".

Article 15 - Start of contest

Before the start of each contest the referee and judges shall stand together inside the limits of the competition area (and centered) and shall bow to Joseki before taking their places. To leave the competition area, they also must bow toward Joseki. The contestants shall stand facing each other on the contest area at the assigned red or white tape corresponding to the sash they are wearing. After the contestants have made the standing bow and taken one step forward, the referee must announce "Hajime" to start the contest. The contest shall always begin in the standing position. Only the members of the Refereeing Commission may interrupt the contest. (See Article 17) APPENDIX Article 15 - Start of Contest The referee and judges should always be in position to start the contest before the arrival on the contest area of the contestants. The referee should stand in the middle - two meters back from the line between where the contestants start. He should be facing the time-keeping table. The contestants must bow to each other at the beginning and end of the contest. If the contestants do not bow, the referee must announce "Rei". The referee should ensure that all is correct, e.g., competition area, equipment, uniforms, hygiene, officials, etc. before starting the contest. Bowing procedure: (a) At start of competition (i) At the beginning of each session of the competition, the first three referees, with the referee between the two judges, shall proceed to the perimeter of the safety area, centered and opposite joseki. There they shall perform a standing bow towards joseki. (ii) They shall then move forward to the danger zone of the contest area where they shall again bow toward joseki and bow to each other. They shall then proceed to their respective starting positions. (b) Referee changing position with judge At the end of a contest, should the referee be required to change positions with one of the judges, so that now the judge will become referee, the referee and judge should approach each other on the danger zone, exchange a standing bow when they meet and then proceed to their respective starting positions. (c) At start of contest After the first three officials of any session have performed the bowing procedure as in (a) (i) and (ii), subsequent officials should proceed to the perimeter of the safety area and perform the bowing procedures as in (a) (i) only, and then proceed to their respective starting positions. (d) End of a contest At the end of a contest, should the three officials be required to leave the competition area, they should return to the position as defined in (a) (i), bow towards joseki and then leave the competition area. (e) End of competition At the end of the last contest of the session, the three officials shall proceed to the position as defined in (a) (ii), bow towards joseki and then to each other, then proceed to the position as defined (a) (i), bow again towards joseki, then leave the competition area.

Article 16 - Entry into ne waza (groundwork)

The contestant shall be able to change from standing position to ne waza (groundwork) in the following cases, but should the employment of the technique not be continuous, the referee orders both contestants to resume the standing position. (a) When a contestant, after obtaining some result by a throwing technique changes without interruption into ne waza (groundwork) and takes the offensive. (b) When one of the contestants falls to the ground, following the unsuccessful application of a throwing technique, the other may take advantage of his opponent's unbalanced position to take him to the ground. (c) When one contestant obtains some considerable effect by applying a shime waza (strangle) or kansetsu waza (a lock) in the standing position and then changes without interruption to ne waza (groundwork). (d) When one contestant takes his opponent down into ne waza (groundwork) by the particularly skillful application of a movement which although resembling a throwing technique does not fully qualify as such. (e) In any other case where one contestant may fall down or be about to fall down, not covered by the proceeding sub sections of this article, the other contestant may take advantage of his opponent's position to go into ne waza (groundwork). APPENDIX Article 16 - Entry into ne waza (groundwork) (d) Example - When a contestant performs hikkomi gaeshi (a locked together rolling action), should the contestants separate at the end of the action, the result can be considered as a throw and scored accordingly. When one contestant pulls his opponent down into ne waza not in accordance with Article 16 and his opponent does not take advantage of this to continue into ne waza, the referee shall announce Matte, stop the contest and award Chui to the contestant who has infringed Article 27 (xx). When one contestant pulls his opponent down into ne waza not in accordance with the rules of Article 16 and his opponent takes advantage of this to continue into ne waza, the contest should be allowed to continue but the referee should award Chui to the contestant who has infringed Article 27 (xx).

Article 17 - Application of Matte (wait)

The referee shall announce "Matte"(wait) in order to stop the contest temporarily in the following cases and to recommence the contest shall announce "Hajime"(begin): (a) When one or both of the contestants go outside the contest area (see "Exceptions" under Article 9. (b) When one or both of the contestants perform one of the prohibited acts (c) When one or both of the contestants are injured or taken ill (d) When it is necessary for one or both of the contestants to adjust their uniform (e) When during ne waza (groundwork), there is no apparent progress and the contestants lie still in a position such as ashi-garami (entangled legs). (f) When one contestant regains a standing or semi-standing position from ne waza bearing his opponent on his back. (g) When one contestant remains in, or from ne waza regains a standing position and lifts his opponent who is on his back with his leg(s) around and part of the standing contestant clears the mat. (h) When a contestant performs or attempts to perform kansetsu waza or shime waza from the standing position and the result is not immediately apparent. (i) When in any other case that the referee deems it necessary to do so. (j) When the referees or Refereeing Commission wishes to confer. APPENDIX Article 17 -- Application of Matte (wait) The referee having announced "Matte", must take care to maintain the contestants within his view, in case they do not hear the Matte announced and continue fighting. The referee should not call "Matte" to stop the contestants going outside the contest area, unless the situation is considered dangerous. The referee should not announce "Matte" when a contestant who has escaped e.g. osae-komi, shime waza, kansetsu waza appears in need of or calls for a rest. The referee should announce "Matte" (wait) when a contestant who is face down on the mat, with his opponent clinging on his back, succeeds in rising to a half standing position, with his hands clear of the mat, indicating a loss of control by the opponent. Should the referee call "Matte" in error during ne waza and the contestants therefore separate, the referee and judges may, if possible, and in accordance with the "majority of three" rule, replace the contestants into as close to their original position as possible and restart the contest, if so doing will rectify an injustice to one of the contestants. After the announcement of "Matte" the contestants must quickly return to the position in which they started the contest. When the referee has called "Matte", the contestant(s) must either stand if being spoken to or adjusting their uniform, or may sit if a lengthy delay is envisaged. Only when receiving medical attention should a contestant be permitted to adopt any other position. The referee may announce "Matte" if a contestant is injured or indisposed and may ask the contestant's accredited doctor to come on the competition area and proceed with a quick examination. The referee may announce "Matte" if a contestant who is injured indicates to the referee that he requires an examination. This must be undertaken as quickly as possible. The referee may announce "Matte" if the Refereeing Commission, on the request of accredited team doctor authorizes the doctor to undertake a quick examination of an injured contestant (Article 29).

Article 18 - Sono-mama

In any case where the referee wishes to temporarily stop the contest, e.g., to address one or both contestants without causing a change in their position, or to award a penalty so that the contestant who is not penalized does not lose his position of advantage, he shall announce "Sono-mama" (do not move). To recommence the contest he shall announce "Yoshi". Sono-mama can only be applied to ne waza (groundwork). APPENDIX Article 18 -- Sono-mama Whenever the referee announces "Sono-mama", he should be careful that there is no change in the positions or grips of either contestant. If during ne waza a contestant shows signs of injury, the referee may announce "Sono-mama" if necessary, then return the contestants to the positions they held before the announcement of "Sono-mama" - and then announce "Yoshi".

Article 19 - End of Contest

The referee shall announce "Soremade" and end the contest: (a) When one contestant scores Ippon or Waza-ari awasete Ippon (Articles 20 and 21) (b) In the case of Sogo-gachi (compound win) Article 22. (c) In the case of Fusen-gachi (win by default) or Kiken-gachi (win by withdrawal) (Article 28). (d) In the case of Hansoku Make (disqualification) (Article 29). (e) When one contestant cannot continue due to injury (Article 29). (f) When the time allotted to the contest has expired (see Hantei). (g) Upon the announcement of "Soremade" by the referee, the contestants shall return to their starting positions. The referee will award the contest as follows: (i) Where one contestant has scored Ippon or equivalent, he shall be declared the winner. (ii) Where there has been no score of Ippon or equivalent, the winner shall be declared on the basis of: one Waza-ari prevails over any number of Yuko, one Yuko prevails over any number of Koka. (iii) Where the recorded scores indicate no scores or are exactly the same under each of the headings (Waza-ari, Yuko, Koka), the referee shall gesture and announce "Hantei". Before the announcement of "Hantei", the referee and judges must have assessed which contestant they consider to be the winner, taking into account the recognizable difference in the attitude during the contest or the skill and effectiveness of techniques. The referee shall add his opinion to that indicated by the two judges and shall declare the result according to the majority of all three opinions. The decision of Hiki-wake (draw) shall be given, when there is no advantage on the scoreboard and where it is impossible to judge the superiority of either contestant, in accordance with this article, within the time allotted for the contest. After the referee has indicated the result of the contest, the contestants shall take one step backward to their respective red and white tapes, make a standing bow and leave the competition area. Once the referee has announced the result of the contest to the contestants it will not be possible for the referee to change this decision after referee and judges have left the competition area. Should the referee award the contest to the wrong contestant in error, the two judges must ensure that he changes this erroneous decision before referee and judges leave the competition area. All actions and decisions taken in accordance with the "majority of three" rule by the referee and judges shall be final and without appeal. APPENDIX Article 19 -- End of Contest Having announced "Soremade", the referee should still keep the contestants within his view, in case they do not hear announcement and continue fighting. The referee should direct the contestants to adjust their judogi, if necessary, prior to indicating the result.

Article 2 - Equipment

(a) Chairs and Flags (Judges) Two lightweight chairs must be placed on the safety area at diagonally opposite corners of the contest area and in a position so as not to obstruct the judges' and recorders' view of the scoreboard. One red and one white flag shall be placed in a holster affixed to each chair. (b) Scoreboards For each contest area there shall be two (2) scoreboards, that indicate the scores horizontally, not exceeding 90 centimeters in height and 2 meters in width, placed outside the contest area where they can be easily seen by the referee, officials and spectators. The penalty points shall be immediately converted to scores and recorded on the scoreboards. However, the boards must be manufactured with a device that will record the penalties received by the contestants. (See Appendix Example) There shall be two crosses in red and white respectively on the top of the scoreboard for first and second examination of the doctors. (See Articles 8 and 30 Appendix) Whenever electronic scoreboards are used, manual scoreboards must be available for control (See Appendix). (c) Timing Clocks There shall be timing clocks as follows: contest duration -- one Osae-komi -- two In reserve -- one Whenever electronic timing clocks are used, manual timing clocks must also be used for control (see Appendix). (d) Flags (Time Keepers) Timekeepers shall use flags as follows: Yellow -- contest stop Blue -- Osae-komi duration It will not be necessary to use the yellow and blue flags whenever an electronic display clock showing contest duration and Osae-komi duration is in use. However, these flags must be available in reserve. (e) Time Signal There shall be a bell or similar audible device to indicate to the referee the end of the time allotted for the contest. (f) Red and White Sashes The contestant shall wear a red or white sash at least 5cm wide, long enough to go once around the contestant's waist over a grade belt, and when tied, to leave 20 to 30cm protruding at each end. APPENDIX Article 2 -- Equipment Position of recorders/scorers/timekeepers As far as possible, the scorers and timekeepers must be facing the referees and well in view of the recorders. Distance of spectators In general, the spectators should not be admitted closer than 3m to the surface of the competition (or platform). Timing clocks and score boards The clocks must be accessible to those persons responsible for maintaining their accuracy, and they must be checked regularly for accuracy at the start and during the competition. The scoreboards must correspond to the demands set out by the IJF and should be at the disposal of the referees in case of need. The manual timing clocks and scoreboards must be used simultaneously with the electronic equipment, in case of failure of the electronic equipment. (b)Manual Scoreboards-- Red and white crosses-- The background of the display area should be green and the crosses red and white to correspond with the belt color of the contestants.

Article 20 - Ippon

The referee shall announce "Ippon" when in his opinion an applied technique corresponds to the following criteria: (a) When a contestant with control throws the other contestant largely on his back with considerable force and speed. (b) When a contestant holds with osae-komi waza the other contestant, who is unable to get away for 30 seconds after the announcement of "Osae-komi". (c) When a contestant gives up by tapping twice or more with his hand or foot or says "Maitta" (I give up), generally as a result of a grappling technique, shime waza (strangle) or kansetsu waza (arm lock). (d) When the effect of a strangle technique or arm lock is sufficiently apparent. Equivalence: Should one contestant be penalized Hansoku Make, the other contestant shall be declared the winner. In the case where both contestant score Ippon simultaneously, the referee shall announce "Hiki-wake" (draw) and the contestants shall have the right to fight a new contest immediately. Should only one contestant exercise his right to fight the contest again, and the other contestant declines, the contestant who wishes to fight again shall be declared the winner by "Kiken-gachi". APPENDIX Article 20 -- Ippon Simultaneous techniques - when both contestants fall to the mat after what appears to be simultaneous attacks, and the referee and judges cannot judge which technique dominated, there should be no score awarded. Should the referee call "Ippon" during ne waza in error and the contestants therefore separate, the referee and judges may, if possible, and in accordance with the "majority of three" rule, replace the contestants into as close to their original positions as possible and restart the contest, if so doing will rectify an injustice to one of the contestants. If one of the contestants deliberately makes a "Bridge" (head and heels in contact with the mat) after having been thrown although he may have avoided the necessary criteria for Ippon, the referee may nonetheless award Ippon, or any other score he considers the technique warrants, in order to discourage this action. Taking kansetsu waza, such as ude gaeshi will not be considered for point scoring purposes.

Article 21 - Waza-ari Awasete Ippon

Should one contestant gain a second "Waza-ari" in one contest (see Article 23), the referee shall announce "Waza-ari-awasete-Ippon" (two Waza-ari score Ippon). APPENDIX Article 21 -- Waza-ari-awasete-Ippon No Commentary

Article 22 - Sogo-gachi (Compound win)

The referee shall announce "Sogo-gachi" in the following cases: (a) Where one contestant has gained a Waza-ari and his opponent subsequently receives a penalty of Keikoku (see Article 27c). (b) Where one contestant, whose opponent has already received a penalty of Keikoku is subsequently himself awarded a Waza-ari. In the case where both contestants receive Sogo-gachi, the referee shall announce Hiki-wake (draw) and the contestants shall have the right to fight a new contest immediately. Should one contestant exercise his right to fight the contest again and the other contestant declines, the contestant who wishes to fight again shall be declared the winner by Kiken-gachi. APPENDIX Article 22 -- Sogo-gachi

Article 23 - Waza-ari

The referee shall announce "Waza-ari" when in his opinion the applied technique corresponds to the following criteria: (a) When a contestant with control throws the other contestant, but the technique is partially lacking in one of the four elements necessary for Ippon (see Articles 20a and Appendix). (b) When a contestant holds with osae-komi waza the other contestant who is unable to get away for 25 seconds or more, but less than 30 seconds. Equivalence: Should one contestant have been penalized Keikoku, the other contestant shall receive Waza-ari immediately. APPENDIX Article 23 -- Waza-ari Although the criteria for Ippon of largely on the back with speed and force may be evident in a throw such as "tomoe nage", if there is an interruption to the throw, Waza-ari is the maximum score that should be awarded.

Article 24 - Yuko

The referee shall announce "Yuko" when in his opinion the applied technique corresponds to the following criteria: (a) When a contestant with control throws the other contestant, but the technique is partially lacking in two of the other three elements necessary Ippon. Examples: (i) Partially lacking in the element of "largely on the back" and is also partially lacking in one of the other two elements of "speed" or "force" (ii) Largely on the back but partially lacking in both the other two elements of "speed" and "force". (b) When a contestant holds with Osae-komi waza the other contestant who is unable to get away for 20 seconds or more but less than 25 seconds. Equivalence: Should one contestant have been penalized Chui the other contestant shall receive Yuko immediately. APPENDIX Article 24 -- Yuko Regardless of how many Yukos are announced, no amount will be considered equal to a Waza-ari. The total number announced will be recorded.

Article 25 - Koka

The referee shall announce "Koka" when in his opinion the applied technique corresponds to the following criteria: (a) When a contestant with control throws the other contestant onto his thigh(s), or buttocks with speed and force. (b) When a contestant holds with Osae-komi waza the other contestant who is unable to get away for 10 seconds or more but less than 20 seconds. Equivalence: Should one contestant have been penalized "Shido", the other contestant shall receive Koka immediately. APPENDIX Article 25 -- Koka Regardless of how many Kokas are announced, no amount will be considered being equal to a Yuko or Waza- ari. The total number announced will be recorded. Throwing an opponent on the front of his body, knee(s), hand(s), or elbow(s) will only be counted as the same as any other attack. Similarly, an Osae-komi of up to nine seconds will be counted as an attack.

Article 26 - Osae-komi waza

The referee shall announce "Osae-komi" when in his opinion the applied technique corresponds with the following criteria: (a) The contestant being held must be controlled by his opponent and must have his back, both shoulders or one shoulder in contact with the mat. (b) The control can be made from the side, from the rear or from the top. (c) The contestant applying the hold must not have his leg(s) or body controlled by his opponent's legs. (d) At least one contestant has any part of his body touching the contest area at the announcement of "Osae- komi". APPENDIX Article 26 -- Osae-komi waza Should a contestant who is controlling his opponent with osae-komi, change without losing control, into another osae-komi, the Osae-komi time will continue until the announcement of "Ippon" (or Waza-ari or equivalent in the case of "Waza-ari awasete Ippon") or "Toketa". When osae-komi waza is being applied, if it is the contestant who is in an advantageous position who commits an infringement meriting a penalty, the referee shall announce "Matte", return the contestants to their starting positions, award the penalty (an any score from the osae-komi), then recommence the contest by announcing "Hajime". When osae-komi waza is being applied, if it is the contestant who is in a disadvantageous position who commits an infringement meriting a penalty, the referee shall announce "Sono-mama", award the penalty, then recommence the contest by touching both contestants announcing "Yoshi". However, should the penalty to be awarded be Hansoku Make, the referee shall act in accordance with Article 27, Appendix, paragraphs 3 and 4. If both judges agree that an osae-komi exists, but the referee has not announced "Osae-komi" - they should indicate with Osae-komi signal and, by the "majority of three" rule, the referee shall announce "Osae-komi" immediately. The referee shall announce "Matte" in the case of "Osae-komi on the edge", when the one part of the contestant still touching the contest area, becomes "airborne" (i.e., is raised up and loses contact with tatami). "Toketa" should be announced if, during osae-komi, the contestant being held succeeds in "scissoring" the contestant's leg. In ne waza, after the announcement of "Sono-mama", the penalty to be given is Hansoku Make, "Matte" should be announced, Hansoku Make awarded and the contest ended with "Soremade". In situations where uke's back is no longer in contact with the mat, (e.g., "bridging"), but tori maintains control, the Osae-komi shall continue.

Article 27 - Prohibited Acts and Penalties

The division of infringements, into four groups is intended as a guide, to give clearer understanding to all, of the relative penalties normally awarded for committing the applicable prohibited act. Penalties are not cumulative. Each penalty must be awarded at its own value. The awarding of any second or subsequent penalty automatically cancels any earlier penalty. Whenever a contestant has already been penalized, any succeeding penalties for that contestant must always be awarded at least in the next higher value than his existing penalty. Whenever a referee awards a penalty, he should demonstrate with a simple action the reasons for the penalty. A penalty can be awarded after the announcement of "Soremade" for any prohibited act done during the time allotted for the contest or, in some exceptional situations, for serious acts done after the signal to end the contest if the decision has not been given. Prohibited acts and corresponding penalties: (a) Shido is given to any contestant who has committed a slight infringement: (i) To intentionally avoid taking hold in order to prevent action in the contest. (ii) To adopt in a standing position an excessively defensive posture (generally more than 5 seconds). (iii) In a standing position, af

Article 28 - Default and Withdrawal

The decision of Fusen-gachi (win by default) shall be given to any contestant whose opponent does not appear for his contest. The referee must be sure before awarding Fusen-gachi that he has received the authority to do so by the Refereeing Director. The decision of Kiken-gachi (win by withdrawal) shall be given to any contestant whose opponent withdraws from the competition for any reason, during the contest. Any contestant who will not comply with the requirements of Article 3 and 4, will be refused the right to the contest and the opponent shall win the contest by kiken gachi, according to the rule of "majority of three". APPENDIX Article 28 - Default and Withdrawal Soft contact lens/bandages - In the event that a contestant, during the fight, loses his contact lens and cannot immediately recover it, informing the referee that he cannot continue competing without the contact lens, after consultation with the judges the referee shall give the victory to his opponent by Kiken-gachi. Fusen-gachi - A contestant who is not at his starting place after three (3) calls at one (1) minute intervals, will forfeit the contest.

Article 29 - Injury, illness or accident

The decision to Kachi (win) or Hiki-wake (draw) where one contestant is unable to continue because of injury, illness or accident during the contest shall be given by the referee after consultation with the judges according to the following clauses: (a) Injury (i) Where the cause of the injury is attributed to the injured contestant he shall lose the contest. (ii) Where the cause of the injury is attributed to the uninjured contestant the uninjured contestant shall lose the contest. (iii) Where it is impossible to determine the cause of injury to either contestant, the decision of Hiki-wake may be given. (b) Sickness Generally, where one contestant is taken sick during a contest and is unable to continue, he shall lose the contest. (c) Accident Where an accident occurs which is due to an outside influence, the decision of Hiki-wake (draw) shall be given. Medical examinations During a contest each contestant has a right to have two (2) medical examinations. The referee must ensure that the number of times a contest is interrupted for doctor examination is recorded for each contestant. The recorder shall display one cross to indicate the first medical examination and two crosses to indicate the second medical examination. If the accredited doctor after an examination of an injured contestant(s), advises the referee that the contestant(s) cannot continue the contest, the referee after consultation with the judges, shall end the contest and indicate the result in accordance with the other provisions of this article. Should an injury to a contestant(s) be of a nature as serious as to require treatment away from the competition area or should an injury to a contestant(s) require more than two examinations by the accredited doctor, the referee after consultation with the judges, shall end the contest and indicate the result in accordance with the other provisions of this article. Should the nature of an injury to a contestant(s) be such that it requires treatment by the accredited doctor on the competition area, the referee after consultation with the judges shall end the contest and indicate the result in accordance with the other provisions of this article. If after an injury to one or both of the contestants, the referee and judges are of the opinion that the contest should not continue, the referee shall end the contest and indicate the result in accordance with the other provisions of this article. APPENDIX Article 29 -- Injury, illness or accident Generally only one doctor for each contestant is allowed on the competition area. Should a doctor require assistance, the referee must first be informed. The coach is never allowed on the competition area. Exception - Minor injury (See Article 8(xxix) free touch) Should a minor incident nosebleed, broken nail, etc.) require medical attention, it must be carried out as quickly as possible. Note: The doctor may touch the contestant but not examine. Medical examination (See Article 8(xviii) medical examination) Any repeat of the same minor injury, the doctor must be called and a medical examination recorded. If a contestant requests a doctor for a minor injury, it must be recorded as a medical examination. If a contestant is accidentally injured, i.e., neither contestant is at fault and the doctor is required for examination, this examination must be recorded. Note: The doctor may touch the contestant to quickly carry out the examination. Injury - Free examination (See Article 8(xx) free examination) A free medical examination is allowed only when, in the opinion of the referees, the injury was caused by the opponent. During the examination, the doctor may touch and freely examine the contestant and may: Apply a bandage if necessary or assist in adjusting a scrotum injury. Note: With the exception of the above situations, if the doctor applies any treatment, the opponent will win by Kiken-gachi. If during the contest uke is injured due to an action by tori and uke cannot continue, the referee should analyze the case and decide according to the rules. Each case is decided on its own merit. Example: An injury was caused by forbidden act. After attending to the injury, the doctor informs the referee that the contestant can continue the fight. After consulting with the judges, the referee penalizes the opponent. If after the contest is resumed, the injured contestant cannot continue due to the previous injury, his opponent cannot be further penalized, for the same reason. In that case, the injured contestant will lose the fight. In the case that a doctor, responsible for a contestant in his fight, clearly realizes - especially in case of strangling techniques - that there is a serious danger for the health of his contestant, he can go to the edge of the tatami and call upon the referees to immediately stop the contest. The referees have to take all necessary steps in order to assist the doctor. Such an intervention will consequently mean the loss of the contest and should therefore only be adopted in extreme cases. Where it is impossible to determine the cause of injury to either contestant, and if no one is responsible, the contestant who can continue wins. At the IJF Championships, the official team doctor should have a medical degree and must register prior to the competition. He is the only person allowed to sit at the designated area and must be so identified, e.g., wear a red cross arm-band. When accrediting a doctor for their team, the National Federations must take the responsibility for the actions of their doctors. The doctors must be informed about the amendments and interpretations of the rules. A meeting conducted by the IJF Refereeing Directors will be organized for the team doctors, prior to any IJF Championships.

Article 3 - Judo Uniform

The contestants shall wear judogi (Judo uniform) complying with the following conditions: (a) Strongly made in cotton or similar material, good condition (without rent or tear). (b) White or off white in color. (c) Acceptable marking: (i) National Olympic abbreviation (on back of jacket) (ii) National emblem (on left breast of jacket). Maximum size 100 square centimeters. (iii) Manufacturer's trade mark (on bottom front of jacket). Maximum size 25 square cm. (iv) Shoulder markings (from collar across shoulder down arm both sides of jacket). Maximum length 25 centimeters and maximum width 5 centimeters. (v) The contestant's name may be worn on the belt, uniform lower front top of the jacket and upper front top of the pants and must be a maximum of 3cm X 10cm. Also the name or abbreviation may be worn above the Olympic abbreviation to a maximum of 7cm height. (d) The jacket shall be long enough to cover the thighs and shall at a minimum reach to the fists when the arms are fully extended downwards at the sides of the body. The body of the jacket shall be wide enough to cross over at the level of the bottom to the edge with a minimum overlap of 20 centimeters. The sleeves of the jacket must reach to the wrist joint at a maximum and 5 centimeters above the wrist joint at a minimum. A space of 10-15 centimeters shall exist between the sleeve and the arm (inclusive of bandages), on the entire length of the sleeve. (e) The trousers, free of any markings, shall be long enough to cover the legs and shall at a maximum reach to the ankle joint and at a minimum 5 centimeters above the ankle joint. A space of 10-15 centimeters shall exist between the trouser leg and the leg (inclusive of bandages), on the whole length of the trouser leg. (f) A strong belt, 4 to 5 cm wide, which color corresponds to the grade, shall be worn over the jacket at waist level and tied with a square knot, tight enough to prevent the jacket from being too loose and long enough to go twice around the waist and leave 20 to 30 cm. protruding from each side of the knot when tied. (g) Female contestants shall wear under the jacket a plain white or off white shirt with short sleeves, rather strong, long enough to be worn inside the trousers.

Article 3.1 - APPENDIX - Judo uniform

If the judogi of a contestant does not comply with this article, the referee must order the contestant to change in the shortest possible time, into a judogi which does comply with the article. To ensure that the sleeves of the contestant's jacket are the required length, the referee shall direct the contestant to raise both arms, fully extended forward at shoulder level, when making the control. Furthermore, to ensure that the jacket's sleeves conform with the required space, the referee shall direct the contestant to raise both arms forward and bend upwards 90 degrees at the elbows.

Article 30 - Situations not covered by the rules

Where any situation arises which is not covered by these rules, it shall be dealt with and a decision given by the referee after consultation with the Refereeing Commission.

Article 4 - Hygiene

(a) The judogi shall be clean, generally dry and without unpleasant odor. (b) The nails of the feet and hands shall be cut short. (c) The personal hygiene of the contestant shall be of a high standard. (d) Long hair shall be tied so as to avoid causing inconvenience to the other contestant. APPENDIX Article 4 - Hygiene Any contestant who will not comply with the requirements of Article 3 and 4 will be refused the right to compete and the opponent shall win the contest by "Kiken-gachi" (win by withdrawal), according to the rule of "majority of three".

Article 5 - Referees and Officials

Generally, the contest shall be conducted by one referee and two judges, under the supervision of the Refereeing Commission. The referee and judges shall be assisted by contest recorders and timekeepers. APPENDIX Article 5 - Referees and Officials The timekeepers, list writers and recorders as well as other technical assistants must be of a minimum of 21 years age, have a minimum of three years' experience as national referees and good knowledge of the Contest Rules. The Organizing Committee must ensure that they have been thoroughly trained prior to officiating. There shall be a minimum of two timekeepers, one to register the real contest time and one to specialize in Osae-komi. If possible, there should be a third person to supervise the two timekeepers to avoid any errors due to mistakes or forgetfulness. The overall timekeeper (real contest time) starts his watch on hearing the comments "Hajime" or "Yoshi" and stops it on hearing the comments "Matte" or "Sono-mama". The osae-komi timekeepers starts his watch on hearing "Osae-komi", stops it on "Sono-mama", restarts it on hearing "Yoshi". Either on hearing "Toketa" or "Matte". he stops his watch and indicates the number of seconds elapsed to the referee or an expiry of the time for osae-komi (30 seconds where there has been no previous score or 25 seconds where the person being held in the osae-komi has had a "Waza-ari" or "Keikoku" awarded against him) indicates the end of the Osae-komi by means of a signal. The osae-komi timekeeper shall raise a blue flag during the contest whenever he has stopped the clock on hearing "Sono-mama" and shall lower the flag when he has restarted the clock on hearing "Yoshi". The overall timekeeper (real contest time) shall raise a yellow flag whenever he has stopped the watch on hearing the comment and seeing the signal of "Matte" or "Sono-mama" and shall lower the flag when he restarts the watch on hearing "Hajime" or "Yoshi". When the time allowed for the contest has expired, the timekeepers shall notify the referee of this fact by a clearly audible signal (See Article 12 and 13 of the Contest Rules). The contest recorder must ensure that he is completely informed of the current signs and signals in use to indicate the result of a contest. In addition to the above persons, there shall be a list writer to record the overall course of the contests. If electronic systems are used , the procedure will be the same as described above. Nevertheless it shall be ensured that manual recording devices are available.

Article 6 -- Position and function of referee

The referee shall generally stay within the contest area. He shall conduct the contest and administer the judgment. He shall ensure that his decisions are correctly recorded. APPENDIX Article 6 -- Position and function of referee When the referee announces an opinion, he shall, without losing sight of the contestants and while maintaining his gesture, be placed to observe if the judge whose position allows him to assist him better indicates a different opinion. In cases, such as when both contestants are in ne waza and facing outwards, the referee may observe the action from the safety area. Before officiating at a contest, the referees and judges should familiarize themselves with the sound of the bell or means of indicating the end of the contest on their particular mat area. When assuming control of a competition area the referee and judges should ensure that the mat surface is clean and in good condition, that there are no gaps between the mats, that the judges' chairs are in position and that the contestants comply with Article 3 and 4 of the contest rules. The referees should ensure that there are no spectators, supporters or photographers in a position to cause a nuisance or risk injury to the contestants.

Article 7 -- Position and function of judges

The judges must assist the referee and sit opposite each other at two corners outside the contest area. Each judge must indicate his opinion by making the appropriate official gesture, whenever his opinion differs from that of the referee on a technical evaluation or for a penalty announced by the referee. Should the referee express an opinion of a higher degree than that of the two judges on a technical result or a penalty, he must adjust his evaluation to that of the judge having expressed the higher evaluation. Should the referee express an opinion of a lower degree than that of the two judges on a technical result or penalty, he must adjust his evaluation to that of the judge having expressed the lower evaluation. Should one judge express an opinion of a higher degree and the other judge an opinion of a lower degree than that of the referee, the referee may maintain his opinion. Should both judges express a judgment different from that of the referee, and the referee not have noticed their signals, they stand up, maintain their gesture until the referee is informed of this and rectifies his evaluation. Should, after an appreciable time (a few seconds) the referee not have noticed the standing judges, the judge who is closest to the referee must immediately approach him and inform him of the majority opinion. The judge must, by the appropriate gesture, express his opinion about the validity of any action on the edge or outside of the contest area. Any discussion may be possible and necessary only if the referee or one of the judges has been witness to something that the two others have not seen and which could change the decision, but the one whose opinion is of a minority, must be sure of what he puts forward in order to avoid unnecessary discussion. The judges must also observe that the score recorded by the contest recorder are correct with the scores announced by the referee. Should a contestant temporarily leave the contest area for a reason considered necessary by the referee, a judge must obligatorily go with the contestant to see that no anomaly occurs. This authorization shall be given only for exceptional circumstances (to change judogi in case of non-conformity with norms). The referees and judges should leave the competition area during presentations or any lengthy delay in the program. The judge should sit with both feet apart, outside the contest area, and should place his hands/palms down/on his thighs. Should the judge note that the scoreboard is incorrect, he should draw the referee's attention to the mistake. A judge must be quick to remove himself and his chair should his position endanger the contestants. A judge should not pre-empt the referee's signal for a score. In an action on the edge, the judge should signal immediately the action is IN or OUT. Should a contestant have to change any part of the uniform outside the competition area, and the judge to accompany the contestant is not of the same sex, an official designated by the Refereeing Director shall substitute for the judge and accompany the contestant. If his contest area is not in use and there is a contest in progress on an adjacent contest area-the judge should remove his chair if it could endanger the contestants on the adjacent area.

Article 8 - Gestures

(a) The Referee The referee shall make gestures as indicated below when taking the following actions: (i) Ippon: shall raise one arm with palm of hand facing forward, high above the head. (ii) Waza-ari: shall raise one of his arms with palm of hand facing downwards, sideways, to shoulder height. (iii) Waza-ari awasete Ippon: First Waza-ari, then Ippon gesture. (iv) Yuko: shall raise one of his arms, with palm of hand facing downwards, 45 degrees from his body. (v) Koka: shall raise one of his arms bent with thumb towards the shoulder and elbow at the side of the body. (vi) Osae-komi: shall point his arm out from his body down towards the contestants while facing the contestants and bending his body towards them. (vii) Osae-komi Toketa: shall raise one of his arms to the front and wave it from right to left quickly two or three times. (viii) Hiki-wake: shall raise one of his hands high in the air and bring it down to the front of his body (with thumb edge up) and hold it there for a while. (ix) Matte: shall raise one of his hands to shoulder height and with his arm approximately parallel to the tatami, shall display the flattened palm of his hands (fingers up) to the timekeeper. (x) Sono-mama: shall bend forward and touch both contestants with the palms of his hands. (xi) Yoshi: shall firmly touch both contestants with the palms of his hands and bring pressure on them. (xii) To indicate the cancellation of an expressed opinion: shall repeat with one hand the same gesture while raising the other hand above the head to the front and wave it from right to left two or three times. (xiii) Hantei: in the preparation of calling Hantei, the referee shall raise both hands forward at 45 degrees with the proper flag in each hand. Then at the announcement of Hantei, he shall raise the flag high above his head to indicate his opinion. (xiv) Kachi: (to indicate the winner of a contest): shall raise one hand palm in, towards the winner. (xv) To direct the contestant(s) to readjust the judogi: cross left hand over right, palms facing inwards, at belt height. (xvi) Non-combativity: rotate, with a forward motion, the forearms at chest height. (xvii) To award a penalty (Shido, Chui, Keikoku, Hansoku Make): point towards the contestant with the index finger extended from a closed fist. (xviii) To indicate the recording of a medical examination by the doctor: signal with hand opened towards the contestant and with the other hand, raise the index finger toward the recorder for first examination and the index and middle finger for the second examination (APPENDIX Article 29). (xix) Free touch: in case of a minor incident (nosebleed, etc.), signal with one hand, opened, palm upwards, towards the contest. (xx) Free examination: signal with both hands, opened, palms upwards, towards the contestant. (xxi) Danger zone penalty: point towards danger zone, whilst raising other hand above head, forward, with fingers opened, then point towards contestant to be penalized. (b) The Judges (i) To indicate that he considers a contestant has stayed within the contest area, the judge shall raise one of his hands up in the air and bring it down to should height with his thumb upwards and arm extended along the boundary line of the contest area and momentarily hold it there. (ii) To indicate that in his opinion one of the contestants is out of the contest area, the judge shall raise one of his hands to shoulder height with his thumb upwards and arm extended along the boundary line of the contest area and wave it from right to left, or vice versa, several times. (iii) To indicate that in his opinion a score/penalty or opinion given by the referee according to Article 8 (a) has no value, the judge will raise his hand above his head and wave it from right to left two or three times. (iv) To indicate that his opinion differs from that of the referee, the judge(s) will make one of the signals of Article 8 (a). (v) In Hantei situations, the judges must hold the flags in the proper hands. After the referee has announced "Hantei", the judges shall immediately raise either the white or red flag above their heads in order to indicate which contestant they consider merits the decision. (vi) When the judges wish the referee to announce "Matte" in ne waza (e.g., no progress), they should signal by raising both hands to shoulder height with palms facing upwards. APPENDIX Article 8-Gestures (a) The Referee When it is clearly apparent, the referee may after the official signal, point to the red or white tape (starting position) to indicate which contestant scored or was penalized. To indicate to the contestant(s) that he may sit cross legged at the starting position if a lengthy delay in the contest is envisaged, the referee should signal towards the starting position with an open hand, palm upwards. Yuko and Waza-ari signals should start with the arm across the chest, then sideways to the correct finishing position. Koka, Yuko, Waza-ari signals should be maintained by moving to ensure that the score is clearly visible to the judges. However, care should be taken when turning to keep the contestants within view. Should both contestants be given a penalty, the referee should point alternatively at both contestants (left forefinger for contest on his left and right forefinger for contestants on his right). Should a rectification gesture be required, it shall be done as quickly as possible after the annulment gesture. There should be no announcement made when canceling a score. All gestures should be maintained for 3 to 5 seconds. To indicate the winner, the referee will return to his position at the start of the contest, take a step forward, indicate the winner then take one step back.

Article 9 -- Location (Areas valid)

The contest shall be fought in the contest area. Any technique applied when one or both contestants are outside the contest area shall not be recognized. That is to say that if one contestant shall have even one of his feet, hands or knees outside the contest area while standing or more than half body outside the contest area while doing sutemi waza or ne waza, he shall be considered as being outside the contest area. Exceptions: (a)When one contestant throws his opponent outside the contest area, but himself stays within the contest area long enough for the effectiveness of the technique to be clearly apparent, the technique shall be recognized. When a throw is started with both contestants inside the contest are, but during the throw, the contestant being thrown moves outside the contest area, the action may be considered for point scoring purposes if the throwing action continues uninterrupted and the contestant executing the throwing stays within the contest area long enough for the effectiveness of the action to be clearly apparent. (b)In ne waza, the action is valid and may continue so long as at least one contestant has any part of the body touching the contest area. (c)If during the course of an attack such as ouchi-gari or kouchi-gari, the foot or leg of the thrower leaves the contest area and moves over the mat of the safety area, the action should be considered valid (for scoring purposes) so long as the thrower does not place any weight upon the foot or leg while it is outside the contest area. APPENDIX Article 9 -- Location (area valid) In the case of "Osae-komi on the Edge"-should the one part of the contestant still touching the contest area become "airborne" (i.e., it is raised up and leaves contact with the mat)-the referee must announce "Matte". In the case where Tori becomes "airborne" (i.e., he is in the air and no longer in contact with the mat) outside the contest area during the execution of a throw, the technique can only be considered valid for scoring purposes if Uke lands before any part of Tori touches outside the contest area. As the colored danger zone is part of the contest area, any contestant whose feet are still touching the colored danger zone in the standing position should be considered as being within the contest area. When performing sutemi waza, a throw is considered valid if the thrower has one half or more of his body within the contest area. (Therefore, neither foot of the thrower should leave the contest area before his back or hips touch the mat.) If the thrower falls outside the contest area whilst making a throw, the action will only be considered for scoring purposes where the opponent's body touches the mat before the thrower's. Therefore, if a thrower's knee, hand or any part of his body touches the safety area before his opponent's any result obtained thereby should be disregarded. Once the contest has started the contestants may only leave the competition area if given permission to do so by the referee. Permission will only be given in very exceptional circumstances, such as the necessity to change a judogi which does not comply with Article 3 or which has become damaged or soiled.